This unique book examines the role of institutions in transport regulation within a sustainability and comparative Trans-Atlantic framework. With contributions from leading experts in the field, three areas of analysis are provided: barriers to implementation of reforms, regulatory issues and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). The discussion on barriers focuses on political and public acceptance, as well as equity and environmental justice. Regulatory reform analyses include comparative discussions of railroad and airline deregulation in North America and Europe which are complimented with analyses of EU integration and transport regulation for sustainability, transport pricing and inter country competition. Finally, infrastructure finance and evaluation frameworks for PPP form the topical focus for a comprehensive assessment of PPP within the transport sector. Scholars and advanced students in engineering, public policy, planning, policy and international business will find Institutions and Sustainable Transport of great interest, as will national and sub-national transport senior planners and policy advisors in Europe and North America, and analysts and strategic planners for logistics organizations.

This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of spatial industrial clusters and inter-firm networks. Given the prevailing political belief that clusters can be a major vehicle for economic development and growth, it is important to have a sound understanding of clusters and how they emerge, grow, eventually stagnate and disappear. It is also vital to know when and how to apply policy measures to support cluster development in order to increase economic welfare. This book illuminates both the theoretical and empirical issues relating to clusters and inter-firm networks, and presents a number of interesting case studies from a variety of different countries. The authors study a number of important issues including interaction within and between clusters, the spatial dimensions and characteristics of this interaction, the factors which contribute to cluster formation, and the conditions and policies conducive to the development and sustainability of successful clusters. They also investigate whether firms in clusters perform better than those that are excluded, and illustrate how the importance of clusters can vary significantly between different industries. The authors go on to address the role of clusters in knowledge spillovers and their implications for the functioning of the overall economy, and highlight the effect of new information and communications technologies on cluster configurations and operations. Regional economists, economic geographers and regional scientists will welcome this comprehensive new volume. It will also be a useful reference tool for policymakers and planners involved in industrial and regional economic development.

This book looks at the economics of the evolving interface between the movement of people, goods and information (telecommunications). It illustrates the increasing importance of information flows in relation to how people move about, the ways that goods are transported and on land-use patterns. The authors show how the linkages involved are not static but vary as technology develops, as social priorities shift, and as policymakers adjust institutional structures. The situation is evolving but, nevertheless, from a public policy and a narrower commercial, business perspective, it is important to gain broad insights into what is occurring and the ways that telecommunications, transportation, and location interact. This is the focus of the book. Telecommunications, Transportation and Location contains both sytheses and interpretations of what others have found in regard to these interactions as well as new work that extends earlier findings. The material is presented in a rigorous yet accessible manner to open it to a wide audience of practitioners concerned with policy-making within various levels of government and within private business. Researchers and academics teaching courses including transportation planning, communications, regional science, urban and regional planning, urban and regional economics and transport economics will find much to engage them within this book. It will also be very useful to logistics professionals, and policymakers and practitioners involved in transportation planning.

In recent decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of a global knowledge economy in which functional regions increasingly play a role as independent and dynamic market places. These are integrated with other functional regions by means of flows of information, knowledge, and commodities. This contemporary and illuminating book provides a state-of-the-art overview of current research on innovation and entrepreneurship in functional regions. There are numerous questions regarding entrepreneurship and innovation in functional regions that have not yet been answered - until now. Some of the issues that the expert contributors in this field question are - How do firms compete and how do they develop their competitive strategies? How important are entrepreneurial actions and innovation? How important are firm size, firm maturity and corporate structure for innovation? Entrepreneurship and Innovations in Functional Regions will be an invaluable resource for students and scholars of entrepreneurship, business economics, innovation and regional science.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are expected to add considerable productivity to existing transportation infrastructure and to therefore partially reduce the need for more physical infrastructure such as additional lanes of roadway. But there are huge barriers to achieving this vision ranging from the technical to the institutional. In this book a new outcome oriented methodology is developed and applied to a diverse set of ITS case studies in an effort to gain insight into the barriers to deployment. The case studies, most from the National Capital Region (Washington) in the US, include but are not limited to evaluation of electronic tolling, truck roll over warning systems, Advanced Traffic Information Systems (ATIS), variable message signs (VMS), ITS enhanced emergency management systems and ITS bridge operations. The evaluation methodology bears similarity to the benefit/cost balance sheet approach. Full cost (benefit) assessment is adopted with multiple externalities (environment, economic development, social equity issues, etc.) formally included in each of the individual evaluations. Transportation policymakers as well as scholars and students of economic, public policy and political science will find this study useful and informative.

Air Transport Networks provides an economic analysis of the way in which the air transport industry operates and the nature of the policies that have been adopted to regulate the sector. The book covers domestic and international air transportation with an emphasis on airlines and includes discussions of related markets such as airports and air traffic control. The authors provide details of how the sector functions and the reasons why the airline industry performs as it does today and explore the ways in which governments have, over the years, attempted to manipulate air transport markets to meet political objectives. This volume will be warmly received by those interested in the operations and the influences that public policy has on the air transport sector. Air Transport Networks will also appeal to policymakers and to those working in the air transportation sector.

The authors of this comprehensive book provide a detailed rationale and original theory for the study of leadership and institutional factors, including entrepreneurship, in the growth and development of cities and regions. They demonstrate why leadership, institutions and entrepreneurship can - and indeed do - play a crucial enhancing role as key elements in the process of regional endogenous growth. The so-called 'new growth theory' emphasizes endogenous processes. While some of the literature refers to leadership and institutional factors, there has been little analysis of the explicit roles these factors play in the growth and development of cities and regions. This book remedies that gap, beginning with a brief overview of the evolution of the 'new growth theory' in regional economic development, in which the emphasis is on endogenous factors. The book then discusses leadership and institutional factors in that context, creating a new path for understanding regional economic development processes. Multiple case studies from different parts of the world illustrate the theoretical concepts. Students and scholars in regional development, planning and public policy will find this volume invaluable.

Regional economic development has experienced considerable dynamism over recent years. Perhaps the most notable cases were the rise of China and India to emergent country status by the turn of the millennium. With time now for hindsight, this book identifies some of the key forces behind these development successes, namely agglomeration, clusters and entrepreneurship.The expert contributors explore these three forces, which form the basis of much scholarly work in new economic geography and endogenous growth theory and policy. Here, academics from across Europe, North America, Asia and Australia consider the role of agglomeration, clusters and entrepreneurship in regional economic development within a global market context. The book presents solid conceptual and methodological contributions to the growing body of knowledge that extends these theoretical concepts, and prescribes policy and practical applications. Relevant case studies underpin the detailed empirical analyses. Academics, students, researchers and policymakers in the fields of entrepreneurship, regional development and regional science will find this book to be an enlightening read. Contributors: L. Achtenhagen, J. Bastesen, I. Bernhard, N. Carbonara, T.L. Clower, G.A.S. Cook, I. Giannoccaro, L. Iandoli, H. Jeong, B. Johannson, C. Karlsson, K. Kobayashi, S. Koster, A. Manduchi, E. Marchione, M. Markantoni, L. Naldi, K. Nystroem, M. Onishi, N.R. Pandit, R. Picard, C. Ponsiglione, T.-K. Shyy, C. Song, R.J. Stimson, R.R. Stough, D. Strijker, E. Vatne, B.L. Weinstein, E. Wihlborg, G. Zollo

The authors of this comprehensive book provide a detailed rationale and original theory for the study of leadership and institutional factors, including entrepreneurship, in the growth and development of cities and regions. They demonstrate why leadership, institutions and entrepreneurship can - and indeed do - play a crucial enhancing role as key elements in the process of regional endogenous growth. The so-called 'new growth theory' emphasizes endogenous processes. While some of the literature refers to leadership and institutional factors, there has been little analysis of the explicit roles these factors play in the growth and development of cities and regions. This book remedies that gap, beginning with a brief overview of the evolution of the 'new growth theory' in regional economic development, in which the emphasis is on endogenous factors. The book then discusses leadership and institutional factors in that context, creating a new path for understanding regional economic development processes. Multiple case studies from different parts of the world illustrate the theoretical concepts. Students and scholars in regional development, planning and public policy will find this volume invaluable.

'Cities have been studied and written on from a whole host of unique viewpoints. The contributors of this volume shed light on the city from several perspectives that together constitute the modern singularity of these spaces on Earth. Based on international and cutting-edge research, the content explores critical and sometimes contested issues such as innovation and entrepreneurship, technology, infrastructure, governance and the quality of life of urban inhabitants. The volume brings a clear and refreshing perspective on a fast changing reality.' - Jean-Claude Thill, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, US 'The Rise of the City is a must read for those who want to learn about achieving the promise of cities and urbanisation for society and the well-being of their people. The distinguished group of contributors provides a holistic roadmap about how cities can be economic engines of growth that promote innovation and creativity. This will not be easy as they also identify the challenges that must be overcome including better planning, inclusive governance, and sustainable development.' - Mark Partridge, Ohio State University, US Cities and city regions are growing throughout the world and this trend is forecast to continue well into the 21st century. The authors of The Rise of the City see the next 100 years as being the ''Urban Century''. In this book they examine urban growth and the dynamics that are transforming the city and city regions, focusing specifically on the spatial aspects of this process. Forces that are driving city growth include agglomeration spillovers, concentration of innovation and entrepreneurship, diversity of information and knowledge resources, better amenities and higher wages. These benefits produce a positive reinforcing system that attracts more people with new ideas and information, fuelling innovation, new products and services and more high-wage jobs, thereby attracting more people. Such growth also produces undesirable effects such as air and water pollution, poverty, congestion and crowding. These combined factors both impact and change the geography and spatial dynamics of the city. These transformations and the public policies that may be critical to the quality of life, both today and in the future, are the substance of this book. Providing a more informed synthesis of the city and its dynamics in the new century than any other volume, as well as a set of specific analyses and questions on the changing nature of the city, this book will be indispensible to scholars and students of regional science and urban studies. Contributors: A.E. Andersson, D.E. Andersson, M.G. Boarnet, A.M. Bonomi Barufi, S. Brunow, R. Camagni, R. Capello, A. Caragliu, Z. Chen, Z. Daghbashyan, C.F. Del Bo, R.K. Green, E.A. Haddad, B. Harsman, K.E. Haynes, N. Ishikawa, K. Kourtit, J.P. Larsson, M.M. Mazurencu, V. Miersch, P. Nijkamp, A.R. Olsson, R.R. Stough, M. van Geenhuizen, R.S. Vieira, Y. Wen, H. Westlund, Q. Ye

Transport is a fundamental component of all modern economies. Transport Policy presents a wide ranging collection of previously published articles which aim to provide the reader with an understanding of the main elements of transport policy. Topics covered include: the objectives of transport policy, policy options, policy analysis and, through a series of case studies, policy implementation. This volume will be of particular interest to those academics and policymakers seeking an overview of the most important issues in the modern transport policy arena.

`"Think Global, Act Local" has become the policy mantra for innovation, growth and competitiveness in the global economy. In this important and insightful book, Karlsson, Johansson and Stough assemble an all star team of international scholars to explicitly draw out the key role that entrepreneurship plays for local economic performance. The interdisciplinary approach contained in this book yields a pathbreaking set of insights for regional policy that will be of great value to both scholars and policy makers.' - David Audretsch, Indiana University, Bloomington, US and WHU, Germany `The world is experiencing the fourth globalization trend since the collapse of the Berlin Wall twenty years ago. This trend unlike previous ones is characterized by both broader global interconnection and deeper localization. In other words, the world is both flatter and spikier at the same time. The key to a successful development policy is to integrate these two seemingly counter intuitive trends. The solution to this is a more or less regional strategy with a very strong focus on entrepreneurship. While this approach is not new and is not the first, it is the best one that I have seen. The editors of this collection are some of the best informed, most careful and deep thinking scholars in the business and have produced a work worthy of their stature.' - Zoltan J. Acs, George Mason University, US Perhaps the most exceptional aspect of the current era of globalisation is that entrepreneurship has become the engine for local processes of economic, social and cultural development throughout the world. This important new book brings together a number of leading scholars in the field to explore the development aspects of globalisation, in particular those that foster the evolution of entrepreneurs in local-global processes. The expert contributions consider local processes such as entrepreneurship, new firm formation, creativity, media clustering, migration, and many more. They examine how the footprints of these processes reveal themselves in the contemporary global context, characterized by increasing economic interdependence as evidenced by the expanding trade in goods and services, and the growth in capital, knowledge and technology flows. The authors highlight the fact that global patterns of change are the result of innumerable local processes driven by economic, political and social entrepreneurs in localities, regions and nations around the world. With a variety of geographic perspectives, this book will appeal to researchers, students and policymakers in a range of fields including urban and regional economics, economic geography, international trade, and entrepreneurship and innovation policy.

Understanding the economics and the wider impact of transport infrastructure presents a major challenge to economists. The scale of investment, indivisibilities, the setting of appropriate charges and the rate of economic growth are problems which require analyses and create controversy. Further contentious issues are the need to rely on public sector finance and certain ambiguities concerning impact on productivity.The editors have brought together in Transport Infrastructure a set of classic readings in the literature which show the development of analysis in this field. As the names in this volume show, some of the best economic thinkers of the twentieth century have addressed these multi-faceted problems. This authoritative new collection of previously published papers presents a selection of the developments in a field which is still attracting new ideas and challenging transport planners and governments in both the developed and developing world, and indicate something of the diversity of analysis needed and the problems which remain.

This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of current research on regional competition and co-operation. Developing our current understanding of the new role of regions and their behaviour, this book addresses questions such as: How and why do regions compete? How does competition between border regions operate? Which regions are successful and which regions fail? What are the implications of regional competition in terms of resource allocation, the location of economic activities and the distribution of incomes? The book illuminates a number of critical theoretical end empirical issues relating to the competitive and cooperative nature of regions, as well as highlighting a number of new case studies from a variety of countries. The book will be a useful enhancement to undergraduate and post-graduate courses in economics, economic geography, regional science, regional planning, business administration, and international and industrial management. It will also be an invaluable guidance tool for researchers, consultants and policy makers in international organizations such as the EU, the World Bank and the OECD.

This book highlights the role of entrepreneurship, social capital and governance for regional economic development. In recent decades, many researchers have claimed that entrepreneurship is the most critical factor in sustaining regional economic growth. However, most entrepreneurship research is undertaken without considering the fundamental importance of the regional context. Other research has emphasized the role of social capital but there are substantial problems in empirically relating measures of social capital to regional economic development.The expert contributors to this work highlight the role of governance in regional growth, an area that has so far been relatively under-researched, underpinning their findings with new theoretical and empirical evidence. They conclude that the relationship between entrepreneurship, social capital and governance in factors affecting regional economic development are complex and interdependent, and that to influence these factors and the relationship between them, policymakers must have a long-term perspective and be both patient and persistent in their efforts. This enlightening book will be of great interest to academics, students and researchers across a range of fields including regional science, regional economics, economic geography, regional planning, public policy, entrepreneurship, political science and economic sociology. Policymakers involved in regional policymaking from national down to regional and local levels will also find the book to be an illuminating read. Contributors include: T. Arvemo, P. Assmo, I. Bernhard, N. Carbonara, M. Cesario, G.A.S. Cook, J.L. Crespo-Espert, L.P. Dana, M.T. de Noronha, S. Doh, A. Garcia-Tabuenca, U. Grasjoe, K.E. Haynes, D.G. Ierapetirits, C. Karlsson, D. Lagos, H. Lawton Smith, M. Morehart, K. Nystroem, F.- Pablo-Marti, H. Qian, J.A. Riseth, S. Romeo, P. Stenberg, S.C. Turner, H. Westlund, E. Wihlborg, E.J. Zolnik

This volume extends our understanding of the many different ways in which distance impacts the knowledge conversion process. While addressing different facets of knowledge, innovation and space, the authors provide an overview of relevant topics in contemporary research concerned with the global, national, regional and local dynamics of knowledge and innovation.Knowledge itself is a raw input into the innovation process, which can then transform it into an economically useful output such as a prototype, patent, licence or new firm. New knowledge is often tacit and thus tends to be highly localized, as indeed is the conversion process. Consequently, as the book demonstrates, space or distance matter significantly in the transformation of raw knowledge into beneficial knowledge. This innovative book will appeal to academics, students and researchers in the fields of regional science, economics, sociology and innovation. It will also be of interest to policymakers and consultants in international organizations, in particular those dealing with entrepreneurship, development, R&D policies and regional policies on different spatial scales. Contributors include: M. Andersson, T. Arvemo, M. Backman, L. Bjerke, A.P. Cornett, O. Ejermo, U. Grasjoe, T. Hatori, H. Jeong, B. Johansson, S. Johansson, C. Karlsson, K. Kobayashi, H. Lawton-Smith, S. Ochi, M. Okumura, O. Raspe, R.R. Stough, M. Tsukai, T. Ueda, F Van Oort, R. Waters, M. Yokomatsu

In a shrinking and increasingly globalised world, it is vital for any entrepreneur to carefully select the location at which production or other economic activities will occur. This book provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial behaviour in a spatial context, and links it to important new fields in economics such as endogenous growth theory, the new economic geography and evolutionary theory. Although most of the literature to date has failed to study the geographic element of entrepreneurship, this book redresses the balance by examining the spatial variation in entrepreneurial activity and the implications of this for regional policy. The authors provide an in-depth analysis of the role of the entrepreneur in fostering economic development, document the most important recent theoretical and empirical developments, and explain the reasons why some regions grow whereas others stagnate. They also present a number of empirical analyses including case studies from the manufacturing and ICT sectors, as well as an examination of the role of university-based knowledge transfer and entrepreneurial behaviour. Throughout the book, the role of knowledge, knowledge transmission and knowledge spillovers are considered as they relate to entrepreneurial activity and location decisions. This book presents many important new findings on the relationship between entrepreneurship, agglomeration and economic growth. It will make a substantial addition to the literature and will be essential reading for regional economists, geographers, business and management analysts, and development practitioners and policymakers.

As defined by the editors of this book, 'non-market entrepreneurship' consists of all forms of entrepreneurship not being undertaken solely for purposes of profit maximization or commercialization, and encompasses entrepreneurial activities such as social enterprise and entrepreneurship, public sector entrepreneurship, policy entrepreneurship, non-profit entrepreneurship, and philanthropic enterprise, among many others. The eminent cast of contributors gives coherence to the academic and public discussions on the topic, builds a theoretical edifice within the field of entrepreneurship and helps to establish and delineate the contours of the research on non-market entrepreneurship. The authors stake a meaningful claim in this burgeoning field, examining entrepreneurial activities in public affairs, the social sector, and the society and economy. Forms of non-market entrepreneurship are used with increasing frequency in the popular press, journal articles, and academic and practitioner conferences, but they are used inconsistently across different sectors, academic disciplines, and forums. By providing space for an interdisciplinary mix of top entrepreneurship scholars from across the world, this volume provides cohesion to these discussions and helps advance research in the field. Scholars and students in a variety of fields interested in the growing phenomenon of entrepreneurship will find this volume invaluable in the effort to define the field, consider theoretical perspectives and structure empirical research. Practitioners will also find much of value in this remarkable resource.

This book analyses the conception of economic development in modern regions, which has gone through a fundamental change since the early 1980s. Regions are today increasingly looked upon as independent market places that are connected via interregional and international trade and not as administrative units embodied in a national state. Two complementary theoretical frameworks explain the specialization of economic activity at the regional level. The traditional approach assumes that the comparative advantages of regions depend upon differences in the supply of lasting resources. In contrast the new complementary framework called the New Economic Geography, assumes that the dynamic interaction between geographical market potentials and rational firms in its own way creates the comparative advantage of regions. The contributors to this book examine the policy implications of the complementarity of the competing views in a variety of geographic and functional contexts. The first set of papers examines the effect of regional policy on firm locational decision-making. This leads to another set evaluating a variety of regional policy efforts. New and different methodological approaches are examined in another set of papers. The final part of the book focuses on new concepts. Economists, geographers and readers interested in regionalization, trade and development will find this book informative.

The aging and migration megatrends and their impact on spatial - regional and local - labor market performance is the core theme of this book, and thus together define its scope and focus. The contributions provide an overview of key aging and migration issues in various countries together with analyses of their varied impacts on regional labor markets. Systematic database research and related empirical analyses are used to map out the complex and dynamic nature of these trends, while cutting-edge economic and modeling techniques are used to analyze them. In closing, the book critically reviews and assesses selected policy measures designed to cope with the effects of aging and migration on regional labor markets.

'This is an exceptional work that is the result of an outstanding selection of the best papers on agglomeration and innovation given at the 10th anniversary of the Udevalla conference. It is the finest set of conference papers I have seen in the past 25 years. These are artfully woven together into three primary areas. The first focuses on the role of knowledge and innovation in entrepreneurship; the second incorporates the institutional environment while the third looks at the international context. I recommend this collection to academics, students and all who are interested in the role of creativity and innovation in entrepreneurial development. Not only are these the very best researchers in the field, but the materials are presented in a clear and concise manner, making it an outstanding base for advanced courses in this area. This work combines some of the best writings by top-notch authors sharing the sharpest insight into the complex area of the role of human capital in structuring agglomerative advantages. I take my hat off to the fine editorial work represented in this volume.' - Kingsley E. Haynes, George Mason University 'The book provides a remarkable contribution on the role of human capital as major creator of knowledge, interpreted as abilities, capabilities, methods, creativity and persistency in identifying and solving problems by collecting, selecting, interpreting and applying existing knowledge and information. The laws of increasing returns to human capital - among which urban agglomerations as magnets which attract persons who embody knowledge - are conceptually searched and empirically verified. The book answers questions such as: Why do highly educated people, i.e. the carriers of human capital, tend to concentrate in large agglomerations? What are the agglomerative forces? and How does this agglomeration of human capital impact different types of economic activities and in particular their location behaviour? Important normative implications are thus derived from such a collected effort.' - Roberta Capello, Politecnico di Milano, Italy This original and instructive new book defines and explores the concept of knowledge as the talent, skills, know-how and understanding embodied in individuals. The distinguished contributors advance the current research frontier in three novel directions which focus on: the role of human capital and talent for creativity, entrepreneurship and regional development; the role of institutions for the behavior of firms and entrepreneurs; and the influence of the global context on the location, export and innovation behavior of firms in a knowledge economy. They also address critical questions that underpin the emerging knowledge economy: - Why does human capital and talent tend to agglomerate in large urban regions? - How does this agglomeration affect the location of different types of economic activities? - How does this agglomeration affect regional growth? Presenting the state of the art in the field of knowledge economics, this book will prove a stimulating and challenging read for scholars and researchers with an interest in economics, business and management, and regional and urban studies. Contributors: M. Andersson, C. Autant-Bernard, P. Billand, G.A.S. Cook, U. Grasjo, J.J. Gutierrez, T. Hatori, B. Johansson, S. Johansson, C. Karlsson, K. Kobayashi, H. Loof, N. Massard, K. Matsushima, P. Nijkamp, D. Nilsson, K. Nystrom, M. Olsson, N.R. Pandit, M. Sahin, R.J. Stimson, R.R. Stough, A. Todiras

The emphasis of this book lies on emerging hypotheses, new methods and theoretic developments in the field of regional economic development. A further amplification is provided with a diverse set of cases extending this new way of thinking at the theory and methods level into policy and practice. The case studies range from a focus on Europe, Central and East Asia and North America. Considerable emphasis is laid on the role of entrepreneurship and innovation as drivers of economic growth and development on the sub-national regional level.

The need for informed and effective insights into key concepts and models of regional development and growth, from an endogenous growth perspective, has risen over the past decade. These recent advances address in particular local and regional assets and characteristics comprising inter alia creativity, knowledge, innovation forces and entrepreneurship. Access to and exploitation of these modern forms of human and social capital are of paramount importance for the dynamic regional economic environment in a city or region. This volume offers an overview and critical treatment of the spatial-economic roots, opportunities and impacts of new growth strategies, mainly from an evidence-based perspective. In the various contributions to this volume, relevant findings and strategic options are interpreted and discussed from both an analytical and a policy perspective to help cultivate creativity, human capital development and innovation as well as entrepreneurial activity, with a view to exploit the drivers of economic development, in order to strengthen the competitive edge of cities and regions.

Thisbookisbasedonpaperspresentedataninternationalworkshoporganisedin Jonkoping,Sweden,inJune2005tocelebratethe60thbirthdayofProfessorBorje .. Johansson-adearfriendandadmiredcolleagueofours. Thebookprovidesa limited sample of Borje Johansson's broad ranging research interests. In this volume, some of his friends and colleagues have contributed chapters on the themeof"Innovation,DynamicRegions,andRegionalDynamics". Thisisa?eld ofresearchinwhichBorjeJohanssonhasbeenagreatinspirationtousall,andto whichhehim-selfhascontributedwithcharacteristicenthusiasmandinsightaspart ofhisprodigiousoutput. TheworkshopandthecreationofthisbookweresponsoredbytheAlfaSavings BankFoundationinJonkoping,JonkopingInternationalBusinessSchool,andthe SchoolofPublicPolicy,GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,VA. Wethankthemfor theirgeneroussupport. TheauthorsandtheeditorsthankKerstinFerroukhiforall her efforts to organise the workshop and Ulla Forslund-Johansson and Uma Kelekarforworkingtirelesslytogetthepapersrefereedandrevised,toputtogether multipleeditsofthisbookandforpreparingitforthepublisher. Itwouldhavebeen impossibletoproducethisbookwithouttheirdedicatedwork. Sweden CharlieKarlsson Sweden AkeE. Andersson UK PaulCheshire USA RogerRStough v Contents 1 Innovation,DynamicRegionsandRegionalDynamics...1 ? CharlieKarlsson,AkeE. Andersson,PaulCheshire,andR. R. Stough 2 ThePureTheoryofSpatialMarkets...35 MartinBeckmann 3 Smith-RicardoSpecializationinthePresenceofTiringEffects...47 TonuPuu 4 DynamicsofInnovationFieldswithEndogenousHeterogeneity ofPeople ...59 MasahisaFujita 5 EconomicsofCreativity ...79 ? AkeE. Andersson 6 SimpleMemesandComplexCulturalDynamics ...97 DavidBattenandRogerBradbury 7 TheFashioningofDynamicCompetitiveAdvantageof EntrepreneurialCities:RoleofSocialandPolitical Entrepreneurship ...107 LataChatterjeeandT. R. Lakshmanan 8 TheSocialCapitalofRegionalDynamics:APolicyPerspective...121 HansWestlund 9 HiddenOrderinTraf?cFlowsUsingApproximateEntropy: AnIllustration...143 KingsleyHaynes,RajendraKulkarni,andRogerStough vii viii Contents 10 RegionalInput-OutputwithEndogenousInternalandExternal NetworkFlows...161 JohnR. RoyandGeoffreyJ. D. Hewings 11 RegionalUnemploymentandWelfareEffectsoftheEU TransportPolicies:RecentResultsfromanAppliedGeneral EquilibriumModel ...177 ArtemKorzhenevychandJohannesBrocker 12 InfrastructureProductivitywithaLongPersistentEffect...1 97 TsukaiMakotoandKobayashiKiyoshi 13 ScienceParksandLocalKnowledgeCreation:AConceptual ApproachandanEmpiricalAnalysisinTwoItalianRealities ...221 RobertaCapelloandAndreaMorrison 14 TheLowParticipationofUrbanMigrantEntrepreneurs: ReasonsandPerceptionsofWeakInstitutionalEmbeddedness...247 EnnoMasurelandPeterNijkamp 15 TheLocationofIndustryR&DandtheLocationofUniversity R&D:HowAreTheyRelated?...267 CharlieKarlssonandMartinAndersson 16 GrowingUrbanGDPorAttractingPeople?DifferentCauses, DifferentConsequences ...291 PaulCheshireandStefanoMagrini 17 Urban-RuralDevelopmentinSweden...317 JohanKlaessonandLarsPettersson 18 Patents,PatentCitationsandtheGeographyofKnowledge SpilloversinEurope...331 ManfredMFischer,ThomasScherngell,andEvaJansenberger 19 Co-authorshipNetworksinDevelopmentofSolarCellTechnology: InternationalandRegionalKnowledgeInteraction ...347 KatarinaLarsen 20 Off-shoringofWorkandLondon'sSustainabilityasan InternationalFinancialCentre ...373 IanGordon,ColinHaslam,PhilipMcCannandBrianScott-Quinn 21 TheGenesisandEvolutionoftheStockholmMusicCluster ...385 PontusBraunerhjelm Index ...409 Contributors ? AkeE. Andersson ? JonkopingInternationalBusinessSchool,JonkopingUniversity,Hogskoleomradet, Gjuterigatan5,55318Jonkoping,Sweden,Ake. Andersson@ihh. hj. se MartinAndersson ? JonkopingInternationalBusinessSchool,JonkopingUniversity,Hogskoleomradet, ...Gjuterigatan5,55318Jonkoping,Sweden,Martin. Andersson@ihh. hj. se DavidBatten The Temaplan Group and CSIRO, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, PrivateBag1,Aspendale,Victoria3195,Melbourne,Australia David. Batten@csiro. au MartinBeckmann EconomicsDepartment,BrownUniversity,64Waterman StreetProvidence,RI 02912,USA,Lauren_Gallo@brown. edu RogerBradbury TjurungaandtheAustralianNationalUniversity,9ScottStreet,Narrabundah,ACT 2604,Canberra,Australia PontusBraunerhjelm DepartmentofEconomics,TheRoyalInstituteofTechnology,DrottningKristinas Vag30,10044Stockholm,Sweden,pontusb@infra. kth. se JohannesBrocker Institute for Regional Research, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel,Germany RobertaCapello DepartmentofManagement,EconomicsandIndustrialEngineering,Politecnico diMilano,ViaGiuseppeColombo40,20133Milano,Italy Roberta. Capello@polimi.

During the last two decades a new growth theory has emerged - often labelled "endogenous economic growth." The contributions in the book develop these advances into a theoretical framework for endogenous regional economic growth and explain the implications for regional economic policies in the perspective of the new century. Endogenous growth models can reflect increasing returns and hence refer more adequately to empirical observations than earlier models, and the models become policy relevant, because in endogenous growth models policy matters. Such policies comprise efforts to stimulate the growth of knowledge intensity of the labour supply and knowledge production in the form of R&D.